Arching effect and displacement on theoretical estimation for lateral force acting on retaining wall

A new approach is proposed to evaluate the non-limit active earth pressure in c–? soil based on horizontal slices method and limit equilibrium method, which takes into account arching effect, displacement, mobilized friction angle, tension cracks, shear stress of layer. The accuracy was demonstrated by comparing experimental results other theoretical methods. comparison showed that appropriate for calculating cohesionless soil. parametric study undertaken access effects cohesion, layer lateral pressure, as well displacement rupture angle cracks. Moreover, calculated different methods numerical model, it indicated empirical formulations internal soil–wall interface used were still suitable